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How far do you have to be from a nuclear bomb to survive?

离核弹爆炸有多远才能活下来?

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Scott Hanson
Far too many variables to give you a fixed answer.
How big a nuclear explosion are we talking about?
A 22 kiloton “Nagasaki” sized atomic blast is not the same thing as a W-88 Thermonuclear warhead.
Also… safe from what exactly? the physical blast wave, the ionizing radiation pulse, the thermal pulse, fallout? Different effects are bigger than others given the size of the bomb Yield. The different effects do not scale the same so by way of example, is smaller detonations the thermal pulse is not as far reaching as the blast wave itself, but as you go bigger ad bigger, the blast wave tails off more rapidly with distance and does not scale up the same way as the thermal pulse. With the bigger nukes, you can be well outside the blast radius and still receive lethal thermal exposure and die of massive 3rd degree burns to your body if exposed to line of sight to the fireball.
For the blast itself it depends on what sort of shelter you are in. The blast gets progressively weaker the further you are and what may not be good shelter close in, would be adequate further out. far enough out and you can survive the blast wave in the open (provided you are not struck by debris thrown outwards from further in).
Don’t be downwind or in the immediate vicinity.

变量太多以至于无法给你一个固定的答案。
我们说的核爆炸有多大?
22千吨当量的“长崎”原子弹爆炸和W-88热核弹头不一样。
还有…安全是指什么?是物理冲击波，电离辐射，热辐射，还是放射性尘埃?考虑到炸弹当量的大小，当量大各方面影响都更大。不同当量的效果并不相同，举个例子，如果是较小的爆炸，热脉冲就不会那么远，随着距离的增加，冲击波会迅速消失。使用更大的核弹，即使你远在爆炸半径之外，仍然会受到致命的热辐射，如果暴露在火球的视线内，你的身体会被灼成三级烧伤。
至于爆炸本身，这取决于你在什么样的掩体中。你离得越远，爆炸的威力就越弱，距离近的地方可不是好的掩体，离得越远越好。如果离得足够远，你就可以在露天的冲击波中幸存下来(前提是你没有被从深处飞出来的碎片击中)。
不要在顺风处或近井地带。
For a 1 megaton ground detonation, outside of about 10–12 miles you should be reasonably safe so long as you have some sort of decent shelter, (much the same as sheltering from a tornado). At 20 miles, the blast would barely break windows, don’t stand near them or you may be injured by flying glass.
Being outside however, you would still be in danger from the thermal pulse (heat wave) radiating from the fireball, but so long as you were out of direct line of sight of the fireball itself, you would be fine.
I would say that as long as you had some sort of physical barrier between you and direct line-of-sight to the fireball, you would be safe from just about every typical nuclear weapon out there as long as you were at least 20–25 miles from ground zero (and not downwind from fallout)
The above is a 1 megaton example. Most nukes are not that big.
The two most common nukes in the US inventory are 475 and 500 kilotons
500 kiloton is 1/2 a megaton.

对于1兆吨级的地面爆炸，在10-12英里之外，只要你有合适的避难所，你应该是安全的(类似于躲避龙卷风)。在20英里之外，爆炸几乎不会击破窗户，不要站在窗户附近，否则你可能会被飞来的玻璃伤到。
然而，身处室外，你仍然会受到火球辐射出的热脉冲(热浪)的威胁，但只要你不在火球的可见范围内，你就没事了。我想说的是，只要你和火球之间有某种物理障碍，你在距离核爆中心至少20-25英里的地方(而不是放射性尘埃的下风处)，你就不会受到任何一种典型核武器的伤害。
上面是一个1兆吨当量的例子。大多数核武器都没有那么大。
美国库存中最常见的两种核武器分别是475千吨和500千吨，500千吨等于1/2兆吨。
Alexander Finnegan
It isn’t easy. Some believe that if all the nuclear warheads were launched the earth might be uninhabitable anyway. This would be true if the new version of the Russian nuclear bombs are implemented, which scatter radioactive materials which would circulate everywhere. But there is a reasonable possibility that a nuclear winter would not happen and if you survived the initial war and you lived in a nation that was not destroyed you might survive.

这并不容易。一些人认为，如果所有的核弹头都被发射出去，地球可能无论如何都不适合居住了。如果俄罗斯的新版核弹被使用，这将会成真，因为它会将放射性物质播散得到处都是。
但有一种合理的可能性，即核冬天不会发生，如果你从最初的战争中幸存下来，而你生活在一个没有被摧毁的国家，你就可能会生存下来。
Profile photo for Rajan Bhavnani
As is true with most modern weapons systems, the answer is, it depends on a number of complex factors.
Just off the top of my head:
The kind of nuclear blast makes a huge difference. A dirty bomb will just scatter around radioactive dust in the immediate area. A modern hydrogen bomb can easily destroy an entire city with the initial blast alone; that’s to say nothing of the long term radiation danger. Problem at your local nuclear power plant? The immediate danger zone is almost certainly less than 10-20 miles from the plant.

就像大多数现代武器系统一样，答案是，这事取决于许多复杂的因素。
我能想到的是:
核爆炸的类型不同，其结果就大不相同。脏弹只会在附近地区散布放射性尘埃。而一枚现代氢弹仅在爆炸之初就能轻易摧毁整个城市;更不用说长期的辐射危险了。你当地的核电站有问题吗?几乎可以肯定，距离核电站不到10到20英里就是直接的危险区。
If we’re talking about a “launched” nuclear warhead then the detonation altitude also becomes relevant. In general, the lower the detonation altitude the more “focused” the blast area will be. Nukes launched against reinforced military targets detonate at lower altitudes to do more damage in a smaller area. This allows the blast to be strong enough to destroy appropriately strong/shielded military buildings. Nukes launched against general civilian targets detonate higher because civilian buildings are frequently easier to knock down so spreading the force across a larger area results in more buildings being destroyed.
When in comes to the dangers of radioactive fallout time, location, and weather matter.
In general, it takes time for radiation to fall back to earth after a nuclear warhead is detonated; usually something between 12–24 hours.
In that case, assuming you survive the initial blast it’s key to head upwind of the larger area weather patterns and generally in the opposite direction of the jet stream (that usually means head West in the Northern Hemisphere, and head East in the Southern Hemisphere) before radioactive fallout starts coming down.
A major nuclear explosion from a military device will almost certainly result in retaliation, and then (potentially) further attacks and counter attacks by additional parties. At some point, this is expected to trigger a nuclear winter; killing plants, animals, and causing global temperatures to plummet to a new ice age. Between the multiple blasts and the immeasurable devastation of a nuclear winter event most people’s chances of survival are essentially zero.

如果我们谈论的是一枚“发射”的核弹头，那么引爆高度也有关系。一般来说，爆炸高度越低，爆炸区域就越“集中”，破坏性就越大，足以摧毁坚固的军事建筑。针对普通平民目标发射的核武器引爆得更高，因为民用建筑通常更容易被摧毁，因此将力量分散到更大的区域会导致更多的建筑被摧毁。当谈到放射性沉降物的危险时，时间、地点和天气都很重要。一般来说，核弹头引爆后，辐射要经过一段时间才会落到地面，通常在12-24小时之间。假设你在最初的爆炸中幸存下来，在这种情况下，辐射沉降物下来之前，关键是要迎风进入更广阔的区域，与急流相反的方向(这通常意味着北半球往西走，南半球往东走）。
军事装置的重大核爆炸几乎肯定会导致报复，然后(可能)由其他方进行进一步的攻击和反击。在某种程度上，这将引发核冬天。杀死植物和动物，导致全球气温骤降到一个新的冰河时代。在多次爆炸和核冬天不可估量的破坏之间，大多数人的生存机会基本上为零。
Clifford Heseltine
Generally, with proper security clearances, you can get within inches of a nuclear weapon and be perfectly safe.
If the thing actually detonates, however, there is no reliable way to determine “safe".
Close enough, you won't have time to worry.
Far enough to survive the blast you will worry about if medical care survived and will reach you in time.

一般来说，有适当的安全许可，你离核武器只有几英寸的距离，也绝对安全。然而，如果这东西真的引爆了，没有可靠的方法来确定“安全”。
距离足够近的话，你没时间考虑安全的。而远到足以在爆炸中幸存下来，你会担心医疗护理是否幸存，是否能及时到达你的身边。